Empowering patients and caregivers in the Capital District with the knowledge to recognize early warning signs of cervical cancer can lead to earlier diagnosis and better outcomes. Understanding risk factors, symptoms, and prevention strategies is an important step toward protecting women’s health and accessing timely, expert care.
Written by: Tana Pradhan, D.O.
Board-Certified Gynecologic Oncologist at New York Oncology Hematology
Understanding Cervical Cancer and Risk Factors
Cervical cancer begins in the cells of the cervix, which connects the uterus to the vagina. Most cases are caused by a long-lasting infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus spread through sexual contact.
Thanks to HPV vaccination and regular screening, cervical cancer rates have declined over time. However, the disease remains a serious concern, particularly in communities with limited access to preventive care. Certain factors can increase the risk of cervical cancer, including:
- Persistent HPV infection
- Smoking
- Weakened immune system
- Early sexual activity or multiple sexual partners
- Lack of regular Pap or HPV screening
Understanding these risks helps patients and caregivers take proactive steps toward prevention and early detection.
Early Warning Signs of Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer often develops slowly and may not cause symptoms in its earliest stages. This makes awareness and routine screening especially important.
Common warning signs of cervical cancer include:
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding after intercourse, between periods, or after menopause
- Unusual vaginal discharge
- Pelvic pain or discomfort during intercourse
These symptoms can also be caused by non-cancerous conditions, but they should never be ignored. Anyone experiencing persistent or unusual symptoms should contact their healthcare provider promptly. Caregivers can play an important role by encouraging loved ones to seek medical evaluation early.
Why Cervical Cancer Screening and Prevention Matter
Regular cervical cancer screening is one of the most effective ways to prevent cervical cancer or detect it early, when it is most treatable. The American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends that women and others with a cervix who are at average risk begin cervical cancer screening at age 25 and continue through at least age 65.
The type of screening test and how often it is done depend on the method used:
- Primary HPV testing every 5 years (preferred option)
This test checks for high-risk HPV infection using a cervical sample collected by a healthcare provider. - Self-collected HPV testing every 3 years
This option allows patients to collect their own sample using a soft swab, either in a clinic or at home. A healthcare provider must still order the test. - HPV and Pap test co-testing every 5 years
This combines HPV testing with a Pap test, which looks for abnormal cervical cells. - Pap test alone every 3 years
If other options are unavailable, a Pap test alone remains an effective screening method.
In addition to screening, HPV vaccination plays a key role in prevention. Staying up to date with recommended screening and vaccination greatly reduces the risk of developing cervical cancer and supports long-term cervical health.
How Gynecologic Oncologists Diagnose and Treat Cervical Cancer
When abnormal screening results or concerning symptoms are found, evaluation by a gynecologic oncologist is essential. Diagnosis may include a pelvic exam, imaging studies, and a biopsy to confirm cancer and determine its stage.
Treatment depends on the stage of the disease and the individual patient’s needs. Options may include:
- Surgery for early-stage cervical cancer
- Radiation therapy
- Chemotherapy
- Combined treatments for more advanced disease
Care is often delivered through a multidisciplinary team to ensure personalized treatment planning and the best possible outcomes.
Support and Next Steps for Patients and Families
A cervical cancer diagnosis can feel overwhelming, but patients and families do not have to face it alone. Support services such as counseling, care coordination, symptom management, and survivorship resources are essential parts of comprehensive cancer care.
If you or someone you care for has symptoms, abnormal screening results, or concerns about cervical cancer, early evaluation is critical. Prompt access to expert care can make a meaningful difference in outcomes and quality of life.
Frequently Asked Questions About Cervical Cancer
What are the first signs of cervical cancer?
Early cervical cancer often causes no symptoms. When symptoms do appear, they may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, unusual discharge, or pelvic pain, especially during intercourse.
What causes cervical cancer?
Most cervical cancers are caused by long-term infection with high-risk types of HPV. Other risk factors include smoking, weakened immunity, and lack of regular screening.
How often should women be screened for cervical cancer?
Most women should begin screening at age 21 and continue at regular intervals based on age and test type. A healthcare provider can recommend the best screening schedule.
Can cervical cancer be prevented?
Yes, many cases can be prevented through HPV vaccination and routine cervical cancer screening, which detects precancerous changes early.
Who should see a gynecologic oncologist?
Patients with abnormal cervical biopsies, suspected cervical cancer, or confirmed diagnoses should be evaluated by a gynecologic oncologist for specialized care.
